Machine Design
In cross or regular lay ropes

Wires in two adjacent strands are twisted in opposite direction
Direction of twist of wires and strands are same
Direction of twist of wires in strands is opposite to the direction of twist of strands
Wires are not twisted

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Machine Design
Stress concentration is caused due to

Abrupt change of section
Variation in properties of material from point to point in a member
All of these
Pitting at points or areas at which loads on a member are applied

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