Theory of Machine
In a steam engine, one method of obtaining the earlier cut-off with a simple slide valve is by increasing the angle of advance of the eccentric while the throw of the eccentric, steam lap and exhaust lap are kept constant. This method will

Reduce length of effective stroke of piston
Reduce maximum opening of port to steam
Cause withdrawing or throttling of steam
All of these

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Theory of Machine
Lower pairs are those which have

Two elements that permit relative motion
Elements of pairs not held together mechanically
Point or line contact between the two elements when in motion
Surface contact between the two elements when in motion

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