Theory of Machine
The primary unbalanced force due to inertia of reciprocating parts in a reciprocating engine is given by (where m = Mass of reciprocating parts, ω = Angular speed of crank, r = Radius of crank, θ = Angle of inclination of crank with the line of stroke, and n = Ratio of the length of connecting rod to radius of crank)

m.ω².r (sin 2θ/n)
m.ω².r sinθ
m.ω².r (cos 2θ/n)
m.ω².r cosθ

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Theory of Machine
Hammer blow

Is the maximum vertical unbalanced force caused by the mass added to balance the reciprocating masses
Varies as the square root of the speed
Varies inversely with the square of the speed
Is the maximum horizontal unbalanced force caused by the mass provided to balance the reciprocating masses.

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