Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
In a single casing, multistage pump running at constant speed, the capacity rating is to be slightly lowered. It can be done by

Designing new impeller
Some other alterations in the impeller
Trimming the impeller size to the required size by machining
Not possible

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The discharge through a wholly drowned orifice is given by (where H1 = Height of water (on the upstream side) above the top of the orifice, H2 = Height of water (on the downstream side) above the bottom of the orifice, and H = Difference between two water levels on either side of the orifice)

Q = Cd × bH × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × b (H2 - H1) × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × bH₁ × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × bH2 × √(2gh)

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The flow ratio of Francis turbine is defined as the ratio of the

Velocity of flow at inlet to the theoretical jet velocity
Velocity of runner at inlet to the velocity of flow at inlet
Theoretical velocity of jet to the velocity of flow at inlet
None of these

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