Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a shell and tube heat exchanger having square pitch, the shell side equivalent diameter is given by (where, P = pitch, d = outside diameter of the tube)

4P²/πd
Πd/4P²
(P² - πd²/4)/πd
4(P² - πd²/4)/πd

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Generally, elliptical dished heads

All of these
Resist half the pressure rating compared to hemi spherical head provided on the cylindrical shell of the same thickness and diameter
Are manufactured on 2:1 ratio of major to minor axis and is recommended to be used for pressure vessels operating above a pressure of 1.5 MN/m²
Are approximately as strong as seamless cylindrical shell having the corresponding I.D and O.D

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Pick out the wrong statement pertaining to a shell and tube heat exchanger.

Disk and doughnut baffle is the most commonly used baffle
The minimum value of baffle spacing is 50 mm
The maximum unsupported tube span is generally about 75 times tube diameter, but is reduced to about 60 times for aluminium, copper & alloys of these
The maximum value of baffle spacing is equal to the I.D. of the shell

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