Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a shell and tube heat exchanger having square pitch, the shell side equivalent diameter is given by (where, P = pitch, d = outside diameter of the tube)

(P² - πd²/4)/πd
4(P² - πd²/4)/πd
Πd/4P²
4P²/πd

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a shell and tube heat exchanger for a given heat transfer surface area, smaller diameter tubes are favoured as compared to larger diameter ones ; because the smaller diameter tubes

Are less prone to fouling
Can be fitted into a smaller shell diameter hence the cost of the heat exchanger would be less
None of these
Are easier to clean

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