Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a shell and tube heat exchanger having square pitch, the shell side equivalent diameter is given by (where, P = pitch, d = outside diameter of the tube)

Πd/4P²
4(P² - πd²/4)/πd
(P² - πd²/4)/πd
4P²/πd

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
The LMTD correction factor (FT) is defined as the

Ratio of LMTD to the true temperature difference
Differenced of true temperature difference and the LMTD
Geometric mean of the true temperature difference and the LMTD
Ratio of true temperature difference to the LMTD

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