Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a shell and tube heat exchanger having square pitch, the shell side equivalent diameter is given by (where, P = pitch, d = outside diameter of the tube)

Πd/4P²
4P²/πd
(P² - πd²/4)/πd
4(P² - πd²/4)/πd

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Overall tray efficiency of a distillation column is the ratio of the number of

Ideal trays required to the number of real trays required
None of these
Overall gas transfer units to the number of ideal trays required
Real trays required to the number of ideal trays required

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