Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a shell and tube heat exchanger having square pitch, the shell side equivalent diameter is given by (where, P = pitch, d = outside diameter of the tube)

Πd/4P²
4P²/πd
(P² - πd²/4)/πd
4(P² - πd²/4)/πd

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
The LMTD correction factor (FT) is defined as the

Ratio of LMTD to the true temperature difference
Ratio of true temperature difference to the LMTD
Geometric mean of the true temperature difference and the LMTD
Differenced of true temperature difference and the LMTD

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