Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a shell and tube heat exchanger having square pitch, the shell side equivalent diameter is given by (where, P = pitch, d = outside diameter of the tube)

4P²/πd
(P² - πd²/4)/πd
4(P² - πd²/4)/πd
Πd/4P²

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
A head comprises of straight flange section, corner torus, section and central dished section. Crown radius and knuckle radius in a head is related respectively to the

Central dished section and straight flange section
Straight flange section and corner torus section
Corner torus section and central dished section
Central dished section and corner torus section

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