Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a shell and tube heat exchanger having square pitch, the shell side equivalent diameter is given by (where, P = pitch, d = outside diameter of the tube)

(P² - πd²/4)/πd
4(P² - πd²/4)/πd
4P²/πd
Πd/4P²

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
When one of the fluids is highly corrosive and has fouling tendency, it should

Perferably flow outside the tube
Flow at a very slow velocity
Preferably flow inside the tube for its easier internal cleaning
Flow outside the tube, when the flow is counter-current and inside the tube when the flow is co-current

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