Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a shell and tube heat exchanger having square pitch, the shell side equivalent diameter is given by (where, P = pitch, d = outside diameter of the tube)

(P² - πd²/4)/πd
Πd/4P²
4P²/πd
4(P² - πd²/4)/πd

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Seamless pipe is made

From rolled strips formed into cylinders and seam-welded
By forging a solid round, piercing it by simultaneously rotating & forcing it over a piercer point and further reducing it by rolling gas drawing
Both B and C
By extrusion & casting into static and centrifugal molds

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Pick out the wrong statement pertaining to the design of a basket type evaporator.

It is used for high viscosity liquor having large rate of scaling
There is no central downtake
The tube bundle is suspended on bracket
Downtake is formed by the annular space between the bundle and the shell

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