Process Equipment and Plant Design
The ends of a cylinderical vessel can be closed by a head, which can be one of the four shapes. For the same thickness, choose the one which can withstand the highest pressure.

Flat plate
Ellipsoidal
Hemispherical
Torispherical

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a shell and tube heat exchanger, triangular pitch arrangement as compared to square pitch arrangement

Facilitates easier shell side cleaning; hence is more suitable for handling high dirt factor shell side fluid
Can accomodate less number of tubes for a given shell diameter
Creates relatively lower turbulence on the shell side resulting in lower shell side heat transfer co-efficient
Results in higher shell side pressure drop

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