Process Equipment and Plant Design
The ends of a cylinderical vessel can be closed by a head, which can be one of the four shapes. For the same thickness, choose the one which can withstand the highest pressure.

Hemispherical
Torispherical
Ellipsoidal
Flat plate

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
A certain pressure vessel manufacturer avoids doing reinforcements calculations for openings by always providing a reinforcing pad extending upto double the diameter of the opening and of the same material and thickness as that of the shell wall. If area compensation is accepted as a code guideline, his approach leads to safe design

Only if the opening is on spherical vessel
Irrespective of the shape of the vessel
Only if the opening is on a vertical cylinderical vessel
Only if the opening is on a horizontal cylinderical vessel

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