Process Equipment and Plant Design
The ends of a cylinderical vessel can be closed by a head, which can be one of the four shapes. For the same thickness, choose the one which can withstand the highest pressure.

Ellipsoidal
Torispherical
Hemispherical
Flat plate

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
A stuffing box is used for

Reducing the resistance of fluid flow
Prevention of fluid leakage around moving parts
Absorbing the contraction/expansion of pipeline due to temperature changes
Facilitating smooth opening and closing of a valve

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