Process Equipment and Plant Design
The ends of a cylinderical vessel can be closed by a head, which can be one of the four shapes. For the same thickness, choose the one which can withstand the highest pressure.

Ellipsoidal
Torispherical
Hemispherical
Flat plate

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
A head comprises of straight flange section, corner torus, section and central dished section. Crown radius and knuckle radius in a head is related respectively to the

Corner torus section and central dished section
Straight flange section and corner torus section
Central dished section and corner torus section
Central dished section and straight flange section

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a shell and tube heat exchanger, the clearance of the tube is generally

More than the tube diameter
Not less than one-fourth of the tube diameter or 3/16"
Equal to the tube diameter
More in case of triangular pitch as compared to the square pitch tube layout

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