Theory of Machine
In a screw jack, the effort required to lower the load W is given by

P = W cos(α + φ)
P = W tan(φ - α)
P = W tan(α - φ)
P = W tan(α + φ)

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Theory of Machine
In a single slider crank chain

Three are turning pairs and one is a sliding pair
One is a turning pair and three are sliding pairs
Two are turning pairs and two are sliding pairs
Each of the four pairs is a turning pair

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Theory of Machine
Two heavy rotating masses are connected by shafts of lengths l₁, l₂ and l₃ and the corresponding diameters are d₁, d₂ and d₃. This system is reduced to a torsionally equivalent system having uniform diameter d = d₁ of the shaft. The equivalent length of the shaft is

l₁ + l₂ + l₃
l = l₁ + l₂.(d₁/d₂)⁴ + l₃.(d₁/d₃)⁴
l = l₁ + l₂.(d₁/d₂)³ + l₂.(d₁/d₃)³
(l₁ + l₂ + l₃)/3

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