RCC Structures Design
In a doubly-reinforced beam if ‘c’ and ‘t’ are stresses in concrete and tension reinforcement, ‘d’ is the effective depth and ‘n’ is depth of critical neutral axis, the following relationship holds good

mc/t = (d - n)/t
(t + c)/n = (d + n)/n
(m + c)/t = n/(d + n)
mc/t = n/(d - n)

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RCC Structures Design
The self-weight of the footing, is

Not considered for calculating the area of the footing
Both (b) and (c)
Not considered for calculating the upward pressure on footing
Also considered for calculating the upward pressure on footing

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