RCC Structures Design
In a doubly-reinforced beam if ‘c’ and ‘t’ are stresses in concrete and tension reinforcement, ‘d’ is the effective depth and ‘n’ is depth of critical neutral axis, the following relationship holds good

(m + c)/t = n/(d + n)
mc/t = (d - n)/t
(t + c)/n = (d + n)/n
mc/t = n/(d - n)

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RCC Structures Design
As per IS : 456, the reinforcement in a column should not be less than

0.6% and not more than 6% of cross-sectional area
0.5% and not more than 5% of cross-sectional area
0.8% and not more than 8% of cross-sectional area
0.7% and not more than 7% of cross-sectional area

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RCC Structures Design
Based on punching shear consideration, the overall depth of a combined footing under a column A, is

(Perimeter of column A × Safe punching stress)/(Load on column A × Upward pressure × Area of the column)
None of these
(Area of the column A × Safe punching stress)/Load on column A
(Perimeter of column A × Safe punching stress)/(Load on column A + Upward pressure × Area of the column)

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