RCC Structures Design
The effective width of a column strip of a flat slab, is

Half the width of the panel
One-fourth the width of the panel
Radius of the column
Diameter of the column

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RCC Structures Design
If A is the area of the foundation of a retaining wall carrying a load W and retaining earth of weight 'w' per unit volume, the minimum depth (h) of the foundation from the free surface of the earth, is

h = (W/Aw) [(1 + sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]
h = (W/Aw) [(1 - sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]²
h = (W/Aw) [(1 - sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]
h = √(W/Aw) [(1 - sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]²

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