Surveying
If α, H, A and δ be the altitude, hour angle, azimuth and declination of a circumpolar star at its elongation, in latitude λ, the following relation holds good

All listed here
sin A = cos δ/cos λ
sin α = sin λ/sin δ
cos H = tan λ/tan δ

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Surveying
Normal tension is that pull which

neutralizes the effect due to pull and sag
is used at the time of standardising the tape
makes the correction due to pull equal to zero
makes the correction due to sag equal to zero

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