Surveying
A ’level line’ is a

line passing through the center of cross hairs and the center of eye piece
line parallel to the mean spheriodal surface of earth
horizontal line
line passing through the objective lens and the eye-piece of a dumpy or tilting level

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Surveying
Systematic errors

Can be removed by applying corrections to the observed values
Are also known as cumulative errors
All listed here
Always follow some definite mathematical law

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Surveying
Circumpolar stars

Are seldom seen near the pole star
Rotate round the North Pole
Remain always above the horizon
Rotate round the celestial pole

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