Internal Combustion Engines
Fuel oil consumption guarantees for I .C. engine are usually based on

Calorific value of fuel
Net calorific value of oil
Low heat value of oil
High heat value of oil

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Internal Combustion Engines
In a four stroke cycle diesel engine, the exhaust valve

Opens at 30° after bottom dead centre and closes at 10° before top dead centre
May open and close anywhere
Opens at 30° before bottom dead centre and closes at 10° after top dead centre
Opens at bottom dead centre and closes at top dead centre

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