Process Equipment and Plant Design
For laminar flow (NRe < 2100) in steel pipe, the optimum inside pipe diameter is given by

Di, opt = 7.6 Q0.36 . ρ0.9
Di, opt = 3.9 Q0.45 . ρ0.23
Di, opt = 3 Q0.36 . ρ1.86 μ0.08
Di, opt = 3 Q0.36 ρ0.18

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Bubble cap tray is the most commonly used tray in large distillation column, because

None of these
Of its flexibility and nearly constant efficiency under varying conditions of operation
It eliminates the foaming and entrain-ment tendency during operation
It incurs less pressure drop as compared to any other try designed for the same duty

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Number of evaporators which can be used in service in a multiple effect evaporation system is limited by the

Economic limit reached, when the plant cost exceeds the saving of steam
Neither A nor B
Both A & B
Practical limit reached, due to low heat transfer rate because of inadequate temperature difference

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