Process Equipment and Plant Design
For laminar flow (NRe < 2100) in steel pipe, the optimum inside pipe diameter is given by

Di, opt = 3.9 Q0.45 . ρ0.23
Di, opt = 3 Q0.36 ρ0.18
Di, opt = 3 Q0.36 . ρ1.86 μ0.08
Di, opt = 7.6 Q0.36 . ρ0.9

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Practical dividing line between a ductile and brittle materials is suggested, when the ultimate elongation is about 5%. Generally, larger the knuckle radius, stronger is the corner torus section of a head. The knuckle radius provided should be less than __________ of the head.

Either A or B, whichever is larger
Either A or B, whichever is smaller
6% of I.D.
3 times the thickness

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