Process Equipment and Plant Design
For laminar flow (NRe < 2100) in steel pipe, the optimum inside pipe diameter is given by

Di, opt = 3.9 Q0.45 . ρ0.23
Di, opt = 3 Q0.36 ρ0.18
Di, opt = 3 Q0.36 . ρ1.86 μ0.08
Di, opt = 7.6 Q0.36 . ρ0.9

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
A certain pressure vessel manufacturer avoids doing reinforcements calculations for openings by always providing a reinforcing pad extending upto double the diameter of the opening and of the same material and thickness as that of the shell wall. If area compensation is accepted as a code guideline, his approach leads to safe design

Only if the opening is on a vertical cylinderical vessel
Only if the opening is on spherical vessel
Irrespective of the shape of the vessel
Only if the opening is on a horizontal cylinderical vessel

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