Process Equipment and Plant Design
A certain pressure vessel manufacturer avoids doing reinforcements calculations for openings by always providing a reinforcing pad extending upto double the diameter of the opening and of the same material and thickness as that of the shell wall. If area compensation is accepted as a code guideline, his approach leads to safe design

Only if the opening is on a vertical cylinderical vessel
Only if the opening is on a horizontal cylinderical vessel
Only if the opening is on spherical vessel
Irrespective of the shape of the vessel

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a vertical short tube evaporator (Calendria type), the

All of these
Tube dia of 2.5-7.5 cms, tube length of 75-200 cms and cylinderical drum dia of 1-6 metres are normally used
Liquor is inside the tube while the steam is outside the tube
Area of central downtake is equal to 40 to 100% of total cross-sectional area of the surrounding tube

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