Process Equipment and Plant Design
A certain pressure vessel manufacturer avoids doing reinforcements calculations for openings by always providing a reinforcing pad extending upto double the diameter of the opening and of the same material and thickness as that of the shell wall. If area compensation is accepted as a code guideline, his approach leads to safe design

Only if the opening is on a horizontal cylinderical vessel
Irrespective of the shape of the vessel
Only if the opening is on spherical vessel
Only if the opening is on a vertical cylinderical vessel

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Mc Cable Thiele method used for finding theoretical stages in a distillation column assumes that the

Trouton's rule is applicable
All of these
Liquid/vapor loading across the column remains constant
Sensible heat differences are small, because the temperature changes from tray to tray is small

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