Process Equipment and Plant Design
A certain pressure vessel manufacturer avoids doing reinforcements calculations for openings by always providing a reinforcing pad extending upto double the diameter of the opening and of the same material and thickness as that of the shell wall. If area compensation is accepted as a code guideline, his approach leads to safe design

Only if the opening is on a vertical cylinderical vessel
Irrespective of the shape of the vessel
Only if the opening is on a horizontal cylinderical vessel
Only if the opening is on spherical vessel

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
A head comprises of straight flange section, corner torus, section and central dished section. Crown radius and knuckle radius in a head is related respectively to the

Straight flange section and corner torus section
Central dished section and corner torus section
Corner torus section and central dished section
Central dished section and straight flange section

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