Process Equipment and Plant Design
Filtration rate is affected by the

Cake & filter medium resistance
Pressure drop across the cake & filter medium
Area of filtering surface & the viscosity of filtrate
All of these

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Liquid gradient over a tray can be minimised by

Decreasing the number of rows of caps through which the liquid flows or by decreasing the velocity of liquid flow past the caps or by reducing the distance along the tray through which the liquid must
Using split flow, radial flow or cascade flow for column diameter large than 4 ft
Providing a higher skirt clearance or a higher weir
All of these

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Seamless pipe is made

By extrusion & casting into static and centrifugal molds
By forging a solid round, piercing it by simultaneously rotating & forcing it over a piercer point and further reducing it by rolling gas drawing
Both B and C
From rolled strips formed into cylinders and seam-welded

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