Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a shell and tube heat exchanger, the clearance of the tube is generally

More than the tube diameter
Equal to the tube diameter
Not less than one-fourth of the tube diameter or 3/16"
More in case of triangular pitch as compared to the square pitch tube layout

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Smoker's equation for the calculation of number of equilibrium stages in a continuous binary distillation column is used, when the

Number of equilibrium stages in only stripping section is to be calculated
Feed is not at its bubble point
Number of equilibrium stages required is likely to be very small
Relative volatility is close to one (e.g., separation of close boiling isomers)

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