Microorganisms and Disease
Fatalities following influenza infection are usually due to the

dehydration
damage to the heart muscle
formation of granulomas in the lung
bacterial superinfection

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Microorganisms and Disease
The "A" subunit of diphtheria toxin

forms cAMP that leads to fluid accumulation
binds host cell receptors found on heart cells
cause ADP ribosylation of a factor involved in protein synthesis
lysis macrophages with the release of cytokines

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Microorganisms and Disease
A major difference between EHEC and EPEC is

EPEC rearranges host cell actin and EHEC does not
EHEC secretes a Shiga-like toxin and EPEC does not
EPEC passes through the placenta to infect the fetus and EHEC does not
EHEC possesses a type III secretion system and EPEC does not

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Microorganisms and Disease
What is common in catheters and ventilators?

They are used primarily in neonatal intensive care units
They bypass important defenses of the body
They predispose patients to viral rather than bacterial infections
Bacteria responsible for associated infections are usually susceptible to antibiotics

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Microorganisms and Disease
The influenza vaccine is administered each year because

it is a polysaccharide vaccine that does not confer long-term protection
the vaccine is sufficiently toxic to make it necessary to administer only a small amount at any one time
None of these
mutations in the viral hemagglutinin may allow the virus to evade the immune response elicited by previous vaccines

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