Internal Combustion Engines
Detonation is harmful due to

Increase in the rate of heat transfer, there is a reduction in the power output and efficiency of the engine
Excessive turbulence which removes most of the insulating gas boundary layer from the cylinder walls
None of these
High intensity of knock causes crankshaft vibration and the engine runs rough

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Internal Combustion Engines
If V₁ is the jet velocity and V₀ is the vehicle velocity, then the propulsive efficiency of a rocket is given by

V₁/(V₀ + V₁)
V₀/(V₀ + V₁)
(V₀/V₁)/ [1 + (V₀/V₁)²]
[2(V₀/V₁)]/ [1 + (V₀/V₁)²]

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Internal Combustion Engines
The expansion of fuel in a four stroke cycle diesel engine

Starts at 15° after top dead center and ends at 30° before bottom dead center
Starts at top dead center and ends at 30° after top dead center
Starts at 15° before top dead center and ends at 30° after top dead center
May start and end anywhere

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