Process Equipment and Plant Design
Correct use of 'factor of safety' is very important in equipment design. It is defined as the ratio of the

Working stress to ultimate stress
None of these
Ultimate stress to breaking stress
Ultimate stress to working stress

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Overall distillation column efficiency for most of the refinery columns can be given by (for μ = 0.07 - 1.4 cp and relative volatility < 4) (where η = overall column efficiency, % μ = molal average viscosity of feed at average column temperature and pressure, cp Δp = pressure drop per tray, psi)

Η = 24.6 (Δp/μ)
Η = 1.66 - 0.25 log μ
Η = 0.25 log μ - 1.67
Η = 17 - 61.1 log μ

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
A forced circulation long tube vertical evaporator as compared to the natural circulation evaporator

Is economical in operation
Employs high velocity, high heat transfer rate and less heating surface requirement
Both B & C
Employs a centrifugal pump placed between external downtake from vapor drum and inlet to tube bundle

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