Process Equipment and Plant Design
Correct use of 'factor of safety' is very important in equipment design. It is defined as the ratio of the

Ultimate stress to breaking stress
Working stress to ultimate stress
Ultimate stress to working stress
None of these

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
In the design of a shell and tube heat exchanger, the corrosion allowance

For internal cover and tube sheet is provided on both the sides
For carbon steel and cast iron pressure parts is 1.5 mm (except for tubes) and for severe conditions it is 3 mm
All of these
Need not be provided for non-pressure parts like tie rods, spacers, baffles, supports etc

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
When one of the fluids is highly corrosive and has fouling tendency, it should

Perferably flow outside the tube
Preferably flow inside the tube for its easier internal cleaning
Flow outside the tube, when the flow is counter-current and inside the tube when the flow is co-current
Flow at a very slow velocity

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