Process Equipment and Plant Design
Correct use of 'factor of safety' is very important in equipment design. It is defined as the ratio of the

Ultimate stress to working stress
Ultimate stress to breaking stress
Working stress to ultimate stress
None of these

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
A certain pressure vessel manufacturer avoids doing reinforcements calculations for openings by always providing a reinforcing pad extending upto double the diameter of the opening and of the same material and thickness as that of the shell wall. If area compensation is accepted as a code guideline, his approach leads to safe design

Irrespective of the shape of the vessel
Only if the opening is on a vertical cylinderical vessel
Only if the opening is on spherical vessel
Only if the opening is on a horizontal cylinderical vessel

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