Process Equipment and Plant Design
Smoker's equation for the calculation of number of equilibrium stages in a continuous binary distillation column is used, when the

Number of equilibrium stages in only stripping section is to be calculated
Relative volatility is close to one (e.g., separation of close boiling isomers)
Feed is not at its bubble point
Number of equilibrium stages required is likely to be very small

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Practical dividing line between a ductile and brittle materials is suggested, when the ultimate elongation is about 5%. Generally, larger the knuckle radius, stronger is the corner torus section of a head. The knuckle radius provided should be less than __________ of the head.

6% of I.D.
Either A or B, whichever is smaller
Either A or B, whichever is larger
3 times the thickness

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