Process Equipment and Plant Design
Smoker's equation for the calculation of number of equilibrium stages in a continuous binary distillation column is used, when the

Number of equilibrium stages required is likely to be very small
Number of equilibrium stages in only stripping section is to be calculated
Relative volatility is close to one (e.g., separation of close boiling isomers)
Feed is not at its bubble point

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a vertical short tube evaporator (Calendria type), the

Liquor is inside the tube while the steam is outside the tube
Tube dia of 2.5-7.5 cms, tube length of 75-200 cms and cylinderical drum dia of 1-6 metres are normally used
All of these
Area of central downtake is equal to 40 to 100% of total cross-sectional area of the surrounding tube

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