Recombinant DNA Technology
Both DNA gel electrophoresis and SDS-PAGE of proteins are similar because

both techniques rely on a constant charge to mass ratio
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in both cases molecules migrate to the anode
both techniques utilize the sieving properties of gels

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Recombinant DNA Technology
An expression vector

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always contains an origin of replication
usually contains a gene that confers antibiotic resistance to the bacterial host
always contains DNA segments for the regulation of mRNA production

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Recombinant DNA Technology
Some genetic diseases cannot be diagnosed by changes in restriction sites. Some of these can be detected by allele-specific oligonucleotide probes. These are

PCR-amplified variable numbers of tandem repeats (VNTRs)
copies of the gene with an altered sequence so that a restriction site is inserted
short sequences that will hybridize only to a specific base sequence
mutagenized copies of a gene

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