Microbiology of Soils
Denitrification is

reduction of nitrate (NO3-) to nitrogen gas
both (a) and (b)
reduction of nitrate to organic nitrogen compounds
changing of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to nitrogen compounds

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Microbiology of Soils
Syntrophism involves

no exchange of nutrients among species
exchange of nutrients among species
no exchange of nutrients between two species
exchange of nutrients between two species

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