Microbiology of Soils
The transformation of nitrates to gaseous nitrogen is accomplished by microorganisms in a series of biochemical reactions. The process is known as

ammonification
denitrification
nitrogen fixation
nitrification

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Microbiology of Soils
A heterocyst is

a type of spore
the progenitor of cyanobacterial vegetative cells
a cell that carries out oxygenic photosynthesis
a terminally differentiated cell that fixes nitrogen

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