Airport Engineering
As per ICAO recommendation, the rate of change of longitudinal gradient per 30 m length of vertical curve for A and B type of airports is limited to a maximum of

0.004
0.001
0.002
0.003

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Airport Engineering
Effective length of a runway is the distance between

Ends of the clear way on either side
Ends of the runway
Point of intersection of the glide path and the extended plane of the runway surface and the other end of the runway
Point of intersection of the obstruction clearance line and the extended plane of the runway surface, and the other end of the runway

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