RCC Structures Design
An under-reinforced section means

Steel is provided at the underside only
Steel provided on one face only
Steel will yield first
Steel provided is insufficient

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RCC Structures Design
If p₁ and p₂ are mutually perpendicular principal stresses acting on a soil mass, the normal stress on any plane inclined at angle θ° to the principal plane carrying the principal stress p₁, is:

[(p₁ - p₂)/2] + [(p₁ + p₂)/2] sin 2θ
[(p₁ + p₂)/2] + [(p₁ - p₂)/2] sin 2θ
[(p₁ - p₂)/2] + [(p₁ + p₂)/2] cos 2θ
[(p₁ + p₂)/2] + [(p₁ - p₂)/2] cos 2θ

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