Mass Transfer
Absorption factor is defined as (where, S₁ = slope of the operating line S₂ = slope of the equilibrium curve)

S₂/S₁
S₁ x S₂
S₁ - S₂
S₁/S₂

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Mass Transfer
Relative volatility varies with the concentration of component for an ideal solution. The relative volatity of a binary mixture may be defined as the ratio of vapor pressure of component 'A' to that of component 'B', when

Vapor phase obeys Dalton's law and liquid phase obeys Raoult's law
Only vapor phase follows Raoult's law
Liquid phase obeys Dalton's law and vapor phase obeys Raoult's law
Only liquid phase obeys Dalton's law

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Mass Transfer
Channelling is most severe

At very high liquid flow rate
In towers packed randomly with crushed solids
In towers packed with stacked packing
In dumped packing of regular units

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