Mass Transfer
In continuous distillation, the internal reflux ratio (Ri) and the external reflux ratio (Re) are related as

Ri = (1 - Re)/Re
Ri = Re/(1 + Re)
Ri = Re
Ri = Re/(1 - Re)

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Mass Transfer
In a counter-current liquid extractor

Liquid's flow rate depends upon the temperature and pressure
Both liquids can have any desired flow rate
Only one of the liquids may be pumped at any desired rate
Both liquids flow at fixed rate

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