Mass Transfer
The term "approach" in a cooling tower refers to the difference in the temperature of the

Hot water entering the tower and the wet bulb temperature of the surrounding air
Hot water entering and the cooled water leaving the cooling tower
Cold water leaving the tower and the wet bulb temperature of the surrounding air
None of these

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Mass Transfer
Use of raschig rings in place of crushed stones as packing in packed beds (other things being same)

Increases pressure drop, increases surface area
Decreases pressure drop, decreases surface area
Increases pressure drop, decreases surface area
Decreases pressure drop, increases surface area

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