Mass Transfer
In gas-liquid contact operation, the number of ideal stages, N = (xa - xb)/(xb - x*b) . This is true when the stripping factor 'S' is

S = 1
S = ∞
S > 1
S < 1

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Mass Transfer
Molecular diffusion is caused by the

Transfer of molecules from low concentration to high concentration region
Activation energy of the molecules
Potential energy of the molecules
Thermal energy of the molecules

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Mass Transfer
Use of raschig rings in place of crushed stones as packing in packed beds (other things being same)

Increases pressure drop, decreases surface area
Decreases pressure drop, decreases surface area
Increases pressure drop, increases surface area
Decreases pressure drop, increases surface area

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