Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Coefficient of contraction is the ratio of

Loss of head in the orifice to the head of water available at the exit of the orifice
Loss of head in the orifice to the head of water available at the exit of the orifice
Area of jet at vena-contracta to the area of orifice
Actual velocity of jet at vena contracta to the theoretical velocity

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
In an outward flow reaction turbine

The water flows parallel to the axis of the wheel
The flow of water is partly radial and partly axial
The water enters at the centre of the wheel and then flows towards the outer periphery of the wheel
The water enters the wheel at the outer periphery and then flows towards the centre of the wheel

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