Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
For hydro-dynamically smooth boundary, the friction coefficient for turbulent flow is

constant
dependent only on Reynolds number
dependent on relative roughness only
a function of Reynolds number and relative roughness

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The hammer blow in pipes occurs when

The flow of fluid through the pipe is suddenly brought to rest by closing of the valve
The flow of fluid through the pipe is gradually brought to rest by closing of the valve
The pipe bursts under high pressure of fluid
There is excessive leakage in the pipe

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