Internal Combustion Engines
A fuel of cetane number 40 has the same ignition quality as a mixture of

40% cetane and 60% alpha methyl naphthalene
40% diesel and 60% petrol
40% petrol and 60% diesel
40% alpha methyl naphthalene and 60% cetane

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Internal Combustion Engines
The exhaust valve in a four stroke cycle petrol engine

Opens at 50° after bottom dead center and closes at 15° before top dead center
May open and close anywhere
Opens at 50° before bottom dead center and closes at 15° after top dead center
Opens at bottom dead center and closes at top dead center

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Internal Combustion Engines
In a typical medium speed 4-stroke cycle diesel engine the inlet valve

Opens at top dead center and closes at bottom dead center
Opens at 20° before top dead center and closes at 35° after the bottom dead center
Opens at 10° after top dead center and closes 20° before the bottom dead center
May open or close anywhere

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