Internal Combustion Engines
In a four stroke cycle diesel engine, the inlet valve

Opens at 20° after top dead center and closes at 20° before bottom dead center
May open and close anywhere
Opens at 20° before top dead center and closes at 40° after bottom dead center
Opens at top dead center and closes at bottom dead center

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Internal Combustion Engines
If V₁ is the jet velocity and V₀ is the vehicle velocity, then the propulsive efficiency of a rocket is given by

V₁/(V₀ + V₁)
V₀/(V₀ + V₁)
[2(V₀/V₁)]/ [1 + (V₀/V₁)²]
(V₀/V₁)/ [1 + (V₀/V₁)²]

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