Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The discharge through a wholly drowned orifice is given by (where H1 = Height of water (on the upstream side) above the top of the orifice, H2 = Height of water (on the downstream side) above the bottom of the orifice, and H = Difference between two water levels on either side of the orifice)

Q = Cd × bH₁ × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × bH2 × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × bH × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × b (H2 - H1) × √(2gh)

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Coefficient of resistance is the ratio of

Actual discharge through an orifice to the theoretical discharge
Loss of head in the orifice to the head of water available at the exit of the orifice
Area of jet at vena-contracta to the area of orifice
Actual velocity of jet at vena-contracta to the theoretical velocity

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The discharge through a channel of trapezoidal section is maximum when

Depth of channel is equal to the width at the bottom
The sloping side is equal to the width at the bottom
The sloping side is equal to half the width at the top
Width of channel at the top is equal to twice the width at the bottom

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