System Analysis and Design
The black-box concept:

All of these
assumes that the black box is independent
None of these
assumes that inputs and outputs will remain stable
is invoked by describing a system in terms of inputs and outputs, leaving the transformation process a black box.

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System Analysis and Design
System prototyping helps the designer in

all of the listed here
giving a demo of the software, to the system manager to whom he reports
communicating to the user, quickly, how the system, when developed, will look like and get a feedback.
making the programmers understand how the system will function.

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