System Analysis and Design
The black-box concept:

assumes that inputs and outputs will remain stable
assumes that the black box is independent
None of these
All of these
is invoked by describing a system in terms of inputs and outputs, leaving the transformation process a black box.

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System Analysis and Design
Most algorithms follow the format of

Entering the input items, then displaying the input items, and then processing the output items
Entering the output items, then processing the output items, and then displaying the output items
Entering the input items, then processing the input items, and then displaying the output items
Entering the output items, then displaying the output items, and then processing the output items
Entering the input items, then processing the output items, and then displaying the output items

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