Machine Design
According to I.B.R., when the thickness of the boiler shell (t) is less than 8 mm, then the diameter of the rivet hole (d) is obtained by

Equating tearing resistance of the plate to the crushing resistance of the rivets
Equating tearing resistance of the plate to the shearing resistance of the rivets
Equating shearing resistance to the crushing resistance of the rivets
None of these

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Machine Design
The ends of the leaves of a semi-elliptical leaf spring are made triangular in order to

Permit each leaf to act as an overhanging beam
Make M/I constant throughout the length of the leaf
Have variable bending moment (M) in each leaf
Obtain variable moment of inertia (I) in each leaf

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