Machine Design
An elastic bar is fixed at the upper end and loaded at the lower end by a falling weight. The shock load produced can be reduced by

Decreasing the modulus of elasticity of the bar
Increasing the length of bar
All of these
Decreasing the cross-sectional area of the bar

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Machine Design
Spring stiffness is

Its ability to absorb shocks
Its capability of storing energy
Load required to produce unit deflection
Ratio of coil diameter to wire diameter

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