Theory of Machine
The primary unbalanced force due to inertia of reciprocating parts in a reciprocating engine is given by (where m = Mass of reciprocating parts, ω = Angular speed of crank, r = Radius of crank, θ = Angle of inclination of crank with the line of stroke, and n = Ratio of the length of connecting rod to radius of crank)

m.ω².r sinθ
m.ω².r cosθ
m.ω².r (cos 2θ/n)
m.ω².r (sin 2θ/n)

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Theory of Machine
Cam angle is defined as the angle

Moved by the cam from the instant the follower begins to rise, till it reaches its highest position
Of rotation of the cam for a definite displacement of the follower
Through which, the cam rotates during the period in which the follower remains in the highest position
During which the follower returns to its initial position

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Theory of Machine
In a mechanism, the fixed instantaneous centers are those centers which

Remain in the same place for all configurations of the mechanism
None of the listed here
Moves as the mechanism moves, but joints are of permanent nature
Vary with the configuration of the mechanism

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