Theory of Machine
In a steam engine, one method of obtaining the earlier cut-off with a simple slide valve is by increasing the angle of advance of the eccentric while the throw of the eccentric, steam lap and exhaust lap are kept constant. This method will

Reduce maximum opening of port to steam
Reduce length of effective stroke of piston
All of these
Cause withdrawing or throttling of steam

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Theory of Machine
The velocity of piston in a reciprocating steam engine is given by (where ω = Angular velocity of crank, r = Radius of crank pin circle, θ = Angle turned by crank from inner dead center, and n = Ratio of length of connecting rod to the radius of crank)

ω²r [cos θ + (cos 2θ/n)]
ωr [cos θ + (cos 2θ/n)]
ωr [sin θ + (sin 2θ/n)]
ω²r [sin θ + (sin 2θ/n)]

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