Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The purpose of a surge tank is

To eliminate water hammer possibilities
All of these
To control the pressure variations due to rapid changes in the pipe line flow
To regulate flow of water to turbines by providing necessary retarding head of water

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The discharge through a wholly drowned orifice is given by (where H1 = Height of water (on the upstream side) above the top of the orifice, H2 = Height of water (on the downstream side) above the bottom of the orifice, and H = Difference between two water levels on either side of the orifice)

Q = Cd × bH₁ × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × bH × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × b (H2 - H1) × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × bH2 × √(2gh)

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