Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
A compound pipe of diameter d1, d2 and d3 having lengths l1, l2 and l3 is to be replaced by an equivalent pipe of uniform diameter d and of the same length (l) as that of the compound pipe. The size of the equivalent pipe is given by

l/d⁵ = (l₁/d₁⁵) + (l₂/d₂⁵) + (l₃/d₃⁵)
l/d³ = (l₁/d₁³) + (l₂/d₂³) + (l₃/d₃³)
l/d² = (l₁/d₁²) + (l₂/d₂²) + (l₃/d₃²)
l/d⁴ = (l₁/d₁⁴) + (l₂/d₂⁴) + (l₃/d₃⁴)

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The flow in a pipe or channel is said to be uniform when

Each liquid particle has a definite path
The liquid particles at different sections have different velocities
The liquid particles at all sections have the same velocities
The quantity of liquid flowing per second is constant

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The discharge over a rectangular weir, considering the velocity of approach, is (whereH1 = H + Ha = Total height of water above the weir, H = Height of water over the crest of the weir, and Ha = Height of water due to velocity of approach)

(2/3) Cd × L. √2g [H15/2 - Ha5/2]
(2/3) Cd × L.√2g [H12 - Ha2]
(2/3) Cd × L. √2g [H13/2 - Ha3/2]
(2/3) Cd × L.√2g [H1 - Ha]

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