Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
An orifice is said to be large, if

The available head of liquid is more than 5 times the height of orifice
The velocity of flow is large
The available head of liquid is less than 5 times the height of orifice
The size of orifice is large

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The hammer blow in pipes occurs when

The pipe bursts under high pressure of fluid
The flow of fluid through the pipe is suddenly brought to rest by closing of the valve
There is excessive leakage in the pipe
The flow of fluid through the pipe is gradually brought to rest by closing of the valve

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