Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
In a reaction turbine, the draft tube is used

To prevent air to enter the turbine
To transport water to downstream
To increase the head of water by an amount equal to the height of the runner outlet above the tail race
To run the turbine full

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The discharge through a large rectangular orifice is given by (where H1 = Height of the liquid above the top of the orifice, H2 = Height of the liquid above the bottom of the orifice, b = Breadth of the orifice, and Cd = Coefficient of discharge)

Q = (2/3) Cd × b × √(2g) × (H2 - H1)
Q = (2/3) Cd × b × √(2g) × (H21/2 - H11/2)
Q = (2/3) Cd × b × √(2g) × (H22 - H12)
Q = (2/3) Cd × b × √(2g) × (H23/2 - H13/2)

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