Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
In open channels, the specific energy is the

Total energy measured above the horizontal datum
Kinetic energy plotted above the free surface of water
Total energy measured with respect to the datum passing through the bottom of the channel
Total energy per unit discharge

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Cavitation will begin when

flow is increased
the pressure at any location reaches an absolute pressure equal to the saturated vapour pressure of the liquid
pressure is increased
pressure becomes more than critical pressure

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