Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The hammer blow in pipes occurs when

The pipe bursts under high pressure of fluid
The flow of fluid through the pipe is suddenly brought to rest by closing of the valve
The flow of fluid through the pipe is gradually brought to rest by closing of the valve
There is excessive leakage in the pipe

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
A tank of uniform cross-sectional area (A) containing liquid upto height (H1) has an orifice of cross-sectional area (a) at its bottom. The time required to bring the liquid level from H1 to H2 will be

2A × √H₂/Cd × a × √(2g)
2A × (√H₁ - √H₂)/Cd × a × √(2g)
2A × √H₁/Cd × a × √(2g)
2A × (√H3/2 - √H3/2)/Cd × a × √(2g)

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