Machine Design
When an open coiled helical compression spring is subjected to an axial compressive load, the maximum shear stress induced in the wire is (where D = Mean diameter of the spring coil, d = Diameter of the spring wire, K = Wahl's stress factor, and W = Axial compressive load on the spring)

(4WD/ πd3) × K
(2WD/ πd3) × K
(8WD/ πd3) × K
(WD/ πd3) × K

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Machine Design
According to I.B.R., when the thickness of boiler shell (t) is greater than 8 mm, then the diameter of rivet hole (d) is obtained by

Equating tearing resistance of the plate to the shearing resistance of the rivets
None of these
Equating tearing resistance of the plate to the crushing resistance of the rivets
Equating shearing resistance to the crushing resistance of the rivets

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