Machine Design
When an open coiled helical compression spring is subjected to an axial compressive load, the maximum shear stress induced in the wire is (where D = Mean diameter of the spring coil, d = Diameter of the spring wire, K = Wahl's stress factor, and W = Axial compressive load on the spring)

(8WD/ πd3) × K
(WD/ πd3) × K
(2WD/ πd3) × K
(4WD/ πd3) × K

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Machine Design
Tapered roller bearings can take

Radial load only
Axial load only
Both radial and axial loads and the ratio of these being less than unity
Both radial and axial loads and the ratio of these being greater than unity

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