Machine Design
When an open coiled helical compression spring is subjected to an axial compressive load, the maximum shear stress induced in the wire is (where D = Mean diameter of the spring coil, d = Diameter of the spring wire, K = Wahl's stress factor, and W = Axial compressive load on the spring)

(2WD/ πd3) × K
(WD/ πd3) × K
(4WD/ πd3) × K
(8WD/ πd3) × K

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Machine Design
Plastic flow in ductile materials

Lessens the seriousness of static loading stress concentration
Increases the seriousness of static loading stress concentration
Depends on other considerations
Has no effect on it

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