Machine Design
When an open coiled helical compression spring is subjected to an axial compressive load, the maximum shear stress induced in the wire is (where D = Mean diameter of the spring coil, d = Diameter of the spring wire, K = Wahl's stress factor, and W = Axial compressive load on the spring)

(WD/ πd3) × K
(4WD/ πd3) × K
(8WD/ πd3) × K
(2WD/ πd3) × K

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Machine Design
In oilness bearings

The oil film pressure is generated only by the rotation of the journal
Grease required to be applied after some intervals
Do not require external supply of lubricant
The oil film is maintained by supplying oil under pressure

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