Machine Design
When an open coiled helical compression spring is subjected to an axial compressive load, the maximum shear stress induced in the wire is (where D = Mean diameter of the spring coil, d = Diameter of the spring wire, K = Wahl's stress factor, and W = Axial compressive load on the spring)

(2WD/ πd3) × K
(WD/ πd3) × K
(4WD/ πd3) × K
(8WD/ πd3) × K

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Machine Design
The face of the tooth is the

Surface of the tooth below the pitch surface
Surface of the tooth above the pitch surface
Surface of the top of the tooth
Width of the tooth measured along the pitch circle

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