Theory of Machine
When a rigid body is suspended vertically and it oscillates with a small amplitude under the action of the force of gravity, the body is known as

Simple pendulum
Compound pendulum
Torsional pendulum
Second's pendulum

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Theory of Machine
In a steam engine, one method of obtaining the earlier cut-off with a simple slide valve is by increasing the angle of advance of the eccentric while the throw of the eccentric, steam lap and exhaust lap are kept constant. This method will

Reduce maximum opening of port to steam
Reduce length of effective stroke of piston
All of these
Cause withdrawing or throttling of steam

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Theory of Machine
The secondary unbalanced force due to inertia of reciprocating parts in a reciprocating engine is given by (where m = Mass of reciprocating parts, ω = Angular speed of crank, r = Radius of crank, θ = Angle of inclination of crank with the line of stroke, and n = Ratio of the length of connecting rod to radius of crank)

m.ω².r (cos 2θ/n)
m.ω².r cosθ
m.ω².r sinθ
m.ω².r (sin 2θ/n)

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