Machine Design
When a hole of diameter ‘d’ is punched in a metal of thickness 't', then the force required to punch a hole is equal to (where τu = Ultimate shear strength of the material of the plate)

t.τu
π/4 × d².τu
πd.t.τu
π/4 × d² × tτu

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Machine Design
A tap bolt

Has pointed threads
Has both the ends threaded
Has head at one end and other end fits into a tapped hole in the other part to be joined
Has a head on one end and a nut fitted to the other

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