Machine Design
When a hole of diameter ‘d’ is punched in a metal of thickness 't', then the force required to punch a hole is equal to (where τu = Ultimate shear strength of the material of the plate)

π/4 × d² × tτu
πd.t.τu
π/4 × d².τu
t.τu

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Machine Design
In worm, gears, pitch lead angle is

The angle between the tangent to the pitch helix and an element of the cylinder
The angle between the tangent to the pitch helix and the plane of rotation
None of these
Half the angle between two inclined faces in axial plane

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