Machine Design
When a hole of diameter ‘d’ is punched in a metal of thickness 't', then the force required to punch a hole is equal to (where τu = Ultimate shear strength of the material of the plate)

πd.t.τu
t.τu
π/4 × d².τu
π/4 × d² × tτu

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Machine Design
Machine screws are

Slotted for a screw driver and generally used with a nut
Similar to small size tap bolts except that a greater variety of shapes of heads are available
Similar to stud
Used to prevent relative motion between two parts

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