Machine Design
When a hole of diameter ‘d’ is punched in a metal of thickness 't', then the force required to punch a hole is equal to (where τu = Ultimate shear strength of the material of the plate)

πd.t.τu
π/4 × d² × tτu
π/4 × d².τu
t.τu

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Machine Design
The designation M 33 × 2 of a bolt means

Metric threads of 33 mm outside diameter and 2 mm pitch
Metric threads with cross-section of 33 mm
Metric threads of 33 numbers in 2 cm
Bolt of 33 mm nominal diameter having 2 threads per cm

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