Electrical Machines
Torque angle of a synchorous machine operating from a constant voltage bus is usually defined as the space angle between

 Rotor mmf wave and resultant flux density wave.
 Stator mmf wave and resultant flux density.
  Rotor mmf wave and stator mmf wave.
 Stator mmf wave and resultant mmf wave.

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Electrical Machines
A dc shunt generator, when driven without any excitation, showed an open circuit voltage of 12 V. When the field winding was excited, the voltage dropped to zero. It happened because

 field winding was wrongly connected
 field resistance was higher than critical resistance
 there was no residual magnetism in the field circuit
 there was a break in the armature circuit

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